The concept of time is universal yet uniquely interpreted across cultures, influencing daily routines, business practices, and social interactions. Eastern and Western societies have different perspectives on time, revealing how cultural values shape their worldview. Richard D. Lewis divides time into three categories: linear time, multi-active time, and cyclic time.

In Western cultures, particularly in the United States, time is viewed as a linear, measurable resource—one that can be saved, budgeted, or spent. This view is strongly influenced by a profit-oriented mentality, where time is synonymous with money. Americans often prioritize productivity, with an emphasis on achieving results in the quickest possible manner. This approach to time is not exclusive to the United States. Switzerland, Germany, Britain, and Scandinavia all exhibit similar linear-active attitudes. In these cultures, time is segmented into clear blocks on clocks and calendars, and people prefer to tackle tasks one at a time in an orderly manner. These societies value efficiency and decisiveness, believing this to be the most effective way to harness time’s value.

By contrast, Southern European, Latin American, and Arab cultures have a more flexible, multi-tasking approach to time, often prioritizing the social or emotional significance of interactions. For instance, an Italian or Spaniard may ignore a ticking clock if it means fully engaging in a conversation. For them, time is fluid and adaptable, shaped by personal connections rather than strict timelines. Living in the moment and fostering relationships often take precedence over managing every minute.

In Asian societies, time is viewed differently—as cyclic time. This view recognizes natural patterns and rhythms, such as sunrises, seasons, and generations, that continually repeat and renew. Decisions in this context are rarely rushed. They are carefully considered with attention to historical context, long-term consequences, and communal harmony. For instance, Asians may revisit the same issue repeatedly, allowing time to “circle back” and provide opportunities for reflection. In contrast to Western expectations for rapid decision-making, Asians tend to value patience and wisdom, preferring to wait until the moment is right.

An interesting example is the Chinese approach to time, which is deeply respectful, especially when it involves others. Chinese professionals often apologize for taking someone’s time, a gesture that reflects humility and awareness of others' schedules. It’s also customary to thank each other for their time at the end of meetings. Despite this respect, ample time is allowed for thorough discussions and careful consideration. Meetings may start early or end promptly to show efficiency, yet decision-making remains unhurried, emphasizing patience and courtesy. This balanced approach economizes time while honoring relationships and the subtleties of each interaction.

Japan also exemplifies a unique approach, where time is "unwrapped" with care. This is visible in both the rapid pace of manufacturing and the deliberate grace of traditional ceremonies like tea rituals. In Japanese business, each phase of a transaction is carefully observed, reflecting respect for formalities and relationships. Here, the timing and manner of actions are just as important as the outcome, favoring harmony and respect over speed.

These contrasting views on time reveal the deep influence of cultural backgrounds on how people perceive and manage time. While linear cultures focus on maximizing productivity, multi-active cultures embrace time's fluidity, and cyclic cultures honor its natural rhythms. Recognizing these differences not only enhances cross-cultural understanding but also provides a reminder of the many ways human societies can interpret and navigate the complexity of time.

References: Richard D. Lewis, “The use of time” in: When cultures collide:Leading across cultures 3rd ed. Nicholas Brealey International, 2006, pag. 53-62